Syrian President Bashar al-Assad oversaw a ruthless crackdown against a pro-democracy uprising that eventually led to one of the bloodiest civil wars of the 21st century. The uprising, which started in 2011, called for his removal from power. To maintain his rule, Assad formed alliances with Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah. Under his leadership, Syria descended into a prolonged conflict that has left millions dead.
When the rebel forces began their offensive, Assad’s regime was seriously threatened. By the end of November 2024, rebels had seized city after city, and eventually entered the capital, Damascus. Despite fierce resistance from Assad’s forces, it seemed that his 24-year reign was coming to an end.
Assad has long portrayed himself as the protector of Syria’s minorities and the only source of stability in a country ravaged by war. However, his government’s brutal actions, including the suppression of political dissent and the bombing of civilian areas, have drawn international condemnation. Despite multiple elections held in government-controlled regions, these votes were criticized as neither free nor fair.
The civil war, which saw the deaths of over 500,000 people and displaced millions, was characterized by Assad’s unwavering stance against the protesters and opposition groups. He justified the military actions as a fight against “terrorists,” while continuing to use violence and imprisonment against dissenters.
Though Assad’s grip on power appeared to be solid for many years, the recent rebel advances have made it increasingly clear that his time in power may soon come to an end. With key cities like Damascus falling into rebel hands, the future of Syria remains uncertain.
